Archive for the ‘News’ Category
Red Sea
The Red Sea has always been hostile to sailboats, no matter how young they were.What to say about the larger sailing ships! Unpleasant side winds blow in six months in most of the journey. Coast, dotted with coral shoals, passageways between them are very narrow, do not give freedom to maneuver. The climate of the sea is known as one of the hardest and in earth. Sandwiched between the greatest desert, the sea part of the year – from June to September – is no great shakes thick. Daytime heat, cloudless sky, mirages, and the clouds of sand brought by storms from the east – these are just some of the features of his “portrait”.
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Tags: Sargasso Sea (sea without shores)
North and the Sea of Japan
Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current
Among the Sargasso Sea and the Strait of U.S. coasts Floridskoto northeast flow is faster. In addition, near the island of Newfoundland, which takes its direction from west to east, and tends to Europe, all this huge influx, given the general name of the Gulf Stream, is "During the Gulf ", which means Mexico. This flow of tropical waters of America, leaving the temperate latitudes of Europe, largely determines the climate, so that life is not only the North Atlantic, but the vast spaces of temperate and polar latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere especially the Eurasian continent. It is because the Gulf Stream Europe has a warm temperate climate and has become the promised land of civilization, despite its position not far north. However, it would be wrong to consider the Gulf Stream as a whole and compare it to something big river in the ocean. He is not a "source ", and most do not receive water from the bay, and from the Atlantic. Meet and mix (not mix) to the Gulf with the current West Indies, to the other side of the Greater Antilles, there are around 30 * north latitude. And of course , going to Europe for – is not the thread that comes out of the strait between Florida and Cuba. Therefore, its northern extension is called the North Atlantic Current. blue waters of the Gulf Stream are replaced by more and more green.
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Southern trade-wind for
Flow more strongly in the South Pacific trade winds from east to west. This is usually one of the biggest trends in the world. Stronger in the pursuit of its parts, which is north of Ecuador. Is "start " of the Gulf of Panama (in this case there is an analogy with the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea: there is also a similar equatorial flow). In the Galapagos flow – more than 20 miles per day, further west increases to 80 to 100 miles per day. This is more than the speed of some lowland rivers. Therefore not surprising that the islands of the sea has huge flow faster with multiple switches. When you 're standing in a bank may give the impression that the island is moveable, and not the sea, and that ' re in it sailing to South America. South-wind on the plane is a heating (+25- 28 C) and cold (+15- 20) of water. The latter are formed not only by the entrance of the cold Peruvian current, but also by the rise of deep water. Cold water is distinguished by its dark green dark blue warm waters. Jet of cold water corals inhibit the life of the Galapagos Islands, located in Ecuador. restless waters of this stream. What people say about them in the report of the expedition "Venus " (the beginning of the nineteenth century.): "The sea is divided into time slots interspersed with parallel bands of random surface and was worried chirped one. very thick blue, while in others it was smooth, dotted with jets of bright white. In these bands, the sea looked like a vast space of propagation, reminiscent of what passes under the bridge foundations in the river, the only difference that here the bubble extends to the vast space. "Rich and peculiar life in the waters of this trend. To describe it better also turn to the witnesses, and early twentieth century. Here 's how to describe B. Beebe, aboard the Arcturus plyvshy ": " 2 ° 36 'north latitude and 85 west * was discovered this wall of water formed by the meeting of the two warm currents from the west (note that this in open ocean, without any relation to the waves and winds aut -. Com) .. On a calm sea surface could be seen in zig-zag narrow band of foam (is tracking more than 100 miles – approx. Aut). Numerous birds – fulmars, boobies and frigate birds – flew over the area and is in constant appropriation of water extraction.  In the area of foam was an extraordinary accumulation of marine organisms, microorganisms have been here in such abundance, that in some places they gave the water the consistency of soup at once swam the trunks of trees, many of them were covered with mosaics of shells, there were numerous well as flying fish, sea snakes, up to three feet, and sharks.
Underwater mining
liquid ocean treasures
In the critical importance of sea water as the mineral has repeatedly stated in his works the world-famous creator of the periodic law of chemical elements – Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev. In seawater containing different amounts of virtually all naturally occurring chemical elements, and the volume of ocean water is so great that makes populations of many substances is practically inexhaustible. According to scientific estimates, the cost of the chemical elements contained in 1 km 3 of water in the oceans, is estimated at $ 1 billion. It is not only a treasure, a Superkleen! At present, sea water extracted only very small quantities of chemicals. This is due to the complexity of the composition of ocean water, with a very low content of valuable substances per unit volume and the imperfect level of extraction technology.That 's really true: seeing eye, a tooth is itching to do so. In the world of the serpent of many patents issued for various elements (iodine, potassium, calcium, gold, silver, etc.) of seawater. However, industrial scale is removed until only the salt (which we use in writing), magnesium, bromine and … freshwater.
Bromine
Salt
Get it from sea water began in China back in the III millennium BC Salt was extracted by evaporating sea water under the hot sun rays. The same simple way, albeit with some modifications, it received throughout the following centuries, and in many countries with hot climates receive up to date. In cold climates, common salt from sea water is produced by freezing. This method is already in the XII as well. salt through the inhabitants of coastal areas north of Russia, on the whole are being extracted from sea water to 60 million tons annually, representing about 35% of total world production.
At the Franz Josef Land
Winter is on the Franz Josef Land is not free from the glaciers of small plots of land, brilliantly described by Fridtjof Nansen, famed Norwegian explorer. In 1893, he consciously vmorozil his ship in the Arctic ice to try and drifted with the ice to the North Pole. Two years later, when it became clear that the ship will pass by the pole, Nansen, together with one of the crew left and the pack ice had reached Franz Josef Land.There, researchers conducted a long nine months of winter in the folded out of driftwood and stone hut, with no other facilities for observation, except the weather.  That record Nansen:
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Life on the northern islands
According to stories, AN Krenke, climate scientists, who lived for 28 months on top of the ice dome on an island in Franz Josef Land, during a blizzard out there can not even see the black rocks among a blizzard. Having got through the sunroof hallway covered with snow at home, in the midst of a snowy world. Just ice the rope leading to the meteorological station, and covered with frost rack, hold it, are visible within 2-3 meters in the light of the miners lamp fixed to his forehead: one hand holds the rope in the other – notebook for recording observations.
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How to measure water cycle?
How to measure the water cycle? The water cycle on every stretch of land is measured by the value of the water balance. It can be calculated by the following rather simple formula: = volume of rainfall runoff + evaporation.
These parts of the water balance, in turn, can be divided into components. For example, rainfall is not divided liquid or solid, stock – for surface and underground. If rainfall in a territory larger than the sum of river runoff and evaporation, this means that this area is gradually moistened, if less, it dries. During the year the quantity of water balance is changing (photo).  So, in central Russia in the winter months when the river ice and pinned down under the rays of the sun evaporates a little cold water, the amount of snowfall greater runoff and evaporation. And in the summer months, on the contrary, lower. But in an average year, these values often are. Hydrologists often use the term “runoff coefficient”, which shows how much precipitation is consumed by stock. Another part of the precipitation evaporates, respectively.
Coral Sea
In olden times the Coral Sea was called plenty of space in the central and western Pacific, where the scattered archipelago of coral islands. It stretches across the Pacific as the region of warm water, which can live corals, and is expanding like a fan from east to west to the Asian and Australian shores.
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Tense Forest Service opushek
Summer and winter, day and night, in the heat and cold on the edge of the forest, as at the border, without verification winds and streams, storms and seeds, trying to cross it in both directions. And though there be in it or fighting defenses, no customs posts or cargo terminals – some receive “permission to travel, others – no, some flows are enhanced, others are weakened. How does this happen?
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Water in the ocean
Oceans – is primarily water, whose volume is equal to 1 billion 888 million km2, which accounts for 97% of all water on Earth. But it is not only a body of water that affects its grandness, I greatness. This is a huge amount of dissolved chemical compounds and a variety of particles that are suspended in, and inhabiting it Vod many living organisms. Presence in the ocean waters of chemical elements gives it a special physical properties that significantly affect the laws of their circulation in the “body” of the ocean creates the conditions for the development of special flora and fauna, and gives these waters features that fundamentally distinguish them from surface waters.
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Oceans will try to taste
As we already know, the main sign of water related to the oceans, is their high salinity, which is determined by the amount of dissolved salts. This amount is called estimated at about 49.2 * 1015 m. In order to visualize how big this mass, we present the following comparison. If all the sea salt in dry form spread across the Earth’s land surface, it will be covered with a layer of salt thickness of about 150 m. The accumulation of all this huge amount of salt going on for a very long time and is the result of complex and lengthy processes that are closely related to the history of land. Most of all dissolved salts in seawater (99.99%) were 11 chemical compounds, known as the main elements of the composition of the salt from seawater. quantitative relationships between these basic elements and between each and their sum is almost constant, not only in the depths, but the whole area of the world's oceans (except in very cooled water areas such as estuaries, difficulties in the sea water exchange with the ocean). Currently, this position has been firmly established and is considered the main regularities in ocean chemistry.  It is also interesting that the ratio of the basic chemical components in sea water and the blood of animals and humans are virtually identical, which can be considered as evidence of oceanic origin of life and the constancy of the salt composition of the ocean millions of years.
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Salinity
The study of salinity – is not an end in itself. Information that provides insight into the origin of the water mass, density, habitat suitability for organisms that live these or others, etc. The differences in the salinity of ocean waters are often the cause of moving masses water, and how big their role in the processes of vertical mixing of ocean, which we discussed earlier. Therefore, a detailed study of salinity is very important, it is a special section of Oceanology. Here, however, we stop only in major regularities of the distribution of salinity in the waters of the oceans. The magnitude of the salinity of ocean water affect several processes, acting the same way. Figuratively, one and the same ocean "soup " is boiled several mistresses. Some of them like to get the soup was saltier and always add salt to it. These include processes such as evaporation from the ocean surface, the icing. Others try to oceanic soup and add to it fresh water. Processes such as precipitation in the ocean rain (precipitation), the river runoff, ice melt, precipitation of salts in the sediment at the bottom of the ocean. Â No more housewives in the kitchen of an area of the ocean, is and will be the salinity of its waters.
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Fishing
Dramatically increases the number of harvested species of fish. Now the 16 thousand species of marine fish of commercial importance has only 200 species, and the lion’s share of the catch yield 7 species – herring, cod, mackerel, salmon, tuna, flounder and redfish (and there was a time when the perch were thrown overboard!).
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Sea currents
Chief administrator of the heat directly into the column of ocean water are ocean currents – the mighty streams of water. By their nature they are similar to terrestrial rivers, only much more affluent and the largest of them, and do not have solid banks.Depending on where and where its waters flow, it can be cold or warm in comparison with the surrounding local ocean waters.
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Greenland ice
The Greenland ice sheet is located on the world’s largest island, Greenland. Of 2 million 186 thousand km2 of the island more than 1 million 700 thousand km2, or 79%, hidden under this cover, a further 100 km2 occupied by smaller glacial complexes. Ice sheet consists of two domes – a very large northern in a relatively small southern. Their rise to the surface of the axial lines, domes, arches forming an “elongated in the meridional direction.  North dome rises to 3,8 thousand meters above sea level, the top of the south – to 2,8 thousand meters With regard to the glacial bed, then it is, on the contrary, concave: the edges of its frame the coastal hills and mountainous and the rock interiorarea submerged for hundreds of meters below sea level.
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