World Oceans

Posts Tagged ‘water’

Yes, yes, plain water – it’s too precious a treasure! With the increasing world population and continued development of the production of people every year more and more convinced of this, radical way to solve the water problem could be the development of virtually inexhaustible supplies of seawater. Our country is one of the first to seawater desalination. , Russia’s first desalination plant was established back in 1881, in Krasnovodsk. Now worldwide, not counting the small desalination on marine vessels, has been working for about a hundred of large desalination plants.

In the waters of the oceans dissolved many millions of tons of gold. Is it possible to remove it from the water? Such a problem is the interest of scientists, and not only scientists, has for at least a hundred years.

The first report of detection of gold in sea water, made by a member of the French Academy of Sciences, dates back to 1886 after the First World War, this question has already been seriously studied in Germany, when it was imposed on the country to pay compensation. German scientists during this period persistently tried to find a way to extract gold from seawater.  As a result of these efforts ocean sciences has been enriched with new data: In search of the area where the water would have more gold, the German research vessel “Meteor” scoured along and across the waters of the Atlantic during the 1924 – 1928 years. It has been found, however, that the concentration of gold rarely exceeds a few thousandths of a milligram per ton of water. The highest content of gold was discovered in the South Atlantic, and made it about 1 mg of the precious metal in 1 m of water. Subsequently, the concentration of dissolved gold was determined by many researchers.  The data obtained often differed by more than a thousand times, and therefore the question of the average content of gold in the waters of the ocean, until recently, remained open.
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Magnesium from sea water was first obtained on an industrial scale during the Second World War in Britain, which has its own reserves on land. This method was applied at the same time in the U.S. and has been so affective that superseded all other methods of producing magnesium, at least in coastal states. Now he’s getting out of seawater is practiced in many countries and is about a quarter of total world production of this metal.

It turns out that even long-dead leaves of trees and shrubs continue to drink our moisture, participating in the great water cycle in nature. and the matter is this. We know that the rains are the cause of dust, bearing in saturated humidity air. They have become centers of condensation (precipitation water) – they form water droplets, which then spilled to the ground as rain. After a series of studies, scientists have concluded that most of the dust particles, condensation of moisture from the air – the remains of fallen and rotting leaves, blown by winds in the atmosphere.
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In moving air the forces of inertia of two families – the centrifugal, reflecting the desire to maintain its orientation in the curved trajectories of air particles, and tends to keep the velocity of the Coriolis force. But the point of beginning of the movement itself revolves around the Earth’s axis, the absolute transfer rate is higher in low latitudes, where one day the surface is a longer path around the axis. Therefore, the transition from high to low latitudes, the air particles tend to maintain a lower speed, and from low to high – great.  Caused by this inertia force deflects the particles of air and water left in the North and to the left – and the Southern Hemisphere. This force increases from the equator to the pole. In the lower troposphere (up to a height of 1-2 km) the important role played by the friction force.
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Among the Sargasso Sea and the Strait of U.S. coasts Floridskoto northeast flow is faster. In addition, near the island of Newfoundland, which takes its direction from west to east, and tends to Europe, all this huge influx, given the general name of the Gulf Stream, is "During the Gulf ", which means Mexico. This flow of tropical waters of America, leaving the temperate latitudes of Europe, largely determines the climate, so that life is not only the North Atlantic, but the vast spaces of temperate and polar latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere especially the Eurasian continent. It is because the Gulf Stream Europe has a warm temperate climate and has become the promised land of civilization, despite its position not far north. However, it would be wrong to consider the Gulf Stream as a whole and compare it to something big river in the ocean. He is not a "source ", and most do not receive water from the bay, and from the Atlantic. Meet and mix (not mix) to the Gulf with the current West Indies, to the other side of the Greater Antilles, there are around 30 * north latitude. And of course , going to Europe for – is not the thread that comes out of the strait between Florida and Cuba. Therefore, its northern extension is called the North Atlantic Current. blue waters of the Gulf Stream are replaced by more and more green.
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Flow more strongly in the South Pacific trade winds from east to west. This is usually one of the biggest trends in the world. Stronger in the pursuit of its parts, which is north of Ecuador. Is "start " of the Gulf of Panama (in this case there is an analogy with the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea: there is also a similar equatorial flow). In the Galapagos flow – more than 20 miles per day, further west increases to 80 to 100 miles per day. This is more than the speed of some lowland rivers. Therefore not surprising that the islands of the sea has huge flow faster with multiple switches. When you 're standing in a bank may give the impression that the island is moveable, and not the sea, and that ' re in it sailing to South America. South-wind on the plane is a heating (+25- 28 C) and cold (+15- 20) of water. The latter are formed not only by the entrance of the cold Peruvian current, but also by the rise of deep water. Cold water is distinguished by its dark green dark blue warm waters. Jet of cold water corals inhibit the life of the Galapagos Islands, located in Ecuador. restless waters of this stream. What people say about them in the report of the expedition "Venus " (the beginning of the nineteenth century.): "The sea is divided into time slots interspersed with parallel bands of random surface and was worried chirped one. very thick blue, while in others it was smooth, dotted with jets of bright white. In these bands, the sea looked like a vast space of propagation, reminiscent of what passes under the bridge foundations in the river, the only difference that here the bubble extends to the vast space. "Rich and peculiar life in the waters of this trend. To describe it better also turn to the witnesses, and early twentieth century. Here 's how to describe B. Beebe, aboard the Arcturus plyvshy ": " 2 ° 36 'north latitude and 85 west * was discovered this wall of water formed by the meeting of the two warm currents from the west (note that this in open ocean, without any relation to the waves and winds aut -. Com) .. On a calm sea surface could be seen in zig-zag narrow band of foam (is tracking more than 100 miles – approx. Aut). Numerous birds – fulmars, boobies and frigate birds – flew over the area and is in constant appropriation of water extraction.  In the area of foam was an extraordinary accumulation of marine organisms, microorganisms have been here in such abundance, that in some places they gave the water the consistency of soup at once swam the trunks of trees, many of them were covered with mosaics of shells, there were numerous well as flying fish, sea snakes, up to three feet, and sharks.

According to stories, AN Krenke, climate scientists, who lived for 28 months on top of the ice dome on an island in Franz Josef Land, during a blizzard out there can not even see the black rocks among a blizzard. Having got through the sunroof hallway covered with snow at home, in the midst of a snowy world. Just ice the rope leading to the meteorological station, and covered with frost rack, hold it, are visible within 2-3 meters in the light of the miners lamp fixed to his forehead: one hand holds the rope in the other – notebook for recording observations.
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How to measure the water cycle? The water cycle on every stretch of land is measured by the value of the water balance. It can be calculated by the following rather simple formula: = volume of rainfall runoff + evaporation.

These parts of the water balance, in turn, can be divided into components. For example, rainfall is not divided liquid or solid, stock – for surface and underground. If rainfall in a territory larger than the sum of river runoff and evaporation, this means that this area is gradually moistened, if less, it dries. During the year the quantity of water balance is changing (photo).  So, in central Russia in the winter months when the river ice and pinned down under the rays of the sun evaporates a little cold water, the amount of snowfall greater runoff and evaporation. And in the summer months, on the contrary, lower. But in an average year, these values often are. Hydrologists often use the term “runoff coefficient”, which shows how much precipitation is consumed by stock. Another part of the precipitation evaporates, respectively.

Chief administrator of the heat directly into the column of ocean water are ocean currents – the mighty streams of water. By their nature they are similar to terrestrial rivers, only much more affluent and the largest of them, and do not have solid banks.Depending on where and where its waters flow, it can be cold or warm in comparison with the surrounding local ocean waters.
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However, further improvements in technology for isolation of seawater it contains the chemical elements at the service of man and other components of this inexhaustible storehouse of mineral wealth.

The most probable human assistants in solving this problem would be marine organisms have the amazing ability to concentrate in their bodies scattered in the water elements. The content of iodine in seaweed kelp into many hundreds of times higher than in the surrounding water. Some species of marine animals – sea cucumbers, and ascidians accumulate vanadium, which acts in their blood oxidative function – the iron in other animals.  The concentration of vanadium in the green blood of ascidians billions of times greater than its concentration in seawater. Large sea crawfish – lobster and crayfish – accumulate cobalt, some polychaetes – cobalt and nickel. In the tissue of oysters collected copper, and in organisms, some species of plankton – the gold. The main creator of the enormous quantities of iron-manganese nodules (education), covering the seafloor, are the bacteria.
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